<p>The Col. William Kelly House is a historic house located at 36 Tudor Place in Buffalo, New York, United States.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>It is a Colonial Revival style brick dwelling constructed in 1937. It has a modified square plan with a three bay front featuring a pedimented center entrance with a finely detailed Adamesque surround and engaged Doric order columns.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 23, 1997. It is located in the Elmwood Historic District–East.</p><br>
<p>Stone Farmhouse is an historic home located at Buffalo in Erie County, New York. It is a Greek Revival influenced stone vernacular farmhouse. It is a two-story, rectangular hipped roof structure measuring approximately 40 feet wide and 50 feet deep. It was built about 1830–1850 and is one of at least two stone houses in Buffalo surviving from the early 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Discussion of when the Stone Farmhouse first appears in historical documents. According to the 1854 map "Map of Erie County, New York: from actual surveys" the three structures and associate names occurring east of Main St. and west of what would become Meech St. read from left to right as J.F. "Schantztin", D. "Eragot", and B. "Rumsey&quot with J.J. "Baldwin" occurring between what would become the intersecting Meech St. and Oak Grove. This area of the city is not assigned a ward and for the 1840 and 1850 census is called "Black Rock". The 1850 Federal census in Black Rock, page 112, has the neighbor and brewer J.F "Schentztin" but "D. Ergot/Eragot" does not appear, nor do the immediate neighbors of "Rumsey" and Baldwin, however many neighbors at the corner of Delavan and Walden Ave. do. It&#39;s possible that this property was originally part of the brewery of J.F."Schentztin". Based on the 1850 census these three properties are not present, though would make up the back yard of the brewery; but by 1854 all three properties are present on the survey map, with the "Rumsey" property in the 1860 census. A study of the deeds is needed.</p><br>
<p>The 1866 map by Stone & Stewart of the City of Buffalo shows one C.C.Curtiss (Charles. "G." Curtiss B.1827) as owner of 60 Hedley place, Charles G. Curtiss is also in the 1865 New York Census, City of Buffalo, ward 12, page 21, as living with his wife Amelia G. Curtiss, four children, Charles&#39;s sister Emma and two female servants. The Curtiss house is listed as made of "stone".</p><br>
<p>According to the 1870 Non-population New York Census on page 1, line 7, Amelia Curtiss is listed as head, with neighbor John Ambrose which concurs with the survey maps. There were 15 acres of improved and 5 acres of woodland. The property, dwelling and all were valued at $18,800; with the farm tools, etc. adding another $100 and $700 in wages were paid. There were 2 horse plus 1 milch cow valued at $400. There were 25 bushels of "Indian corn", 15 bushels of peas and beans, 100 bushels of Irish potatoes, and 30 bushels from an "orchard", and $600 worth of products from a market garden were produced. Plus 100 pounds of butter and 15 (bushels?) of hay. This was not one of the largest nor small farms as compared to the neighbors.</p><br>
<p>From the "Eleventh and Twelfth Wards" from Buffalo 1872, New York map published by G.M. Hopkins & Co. shows that what would become the St. Vincents Orphanage in the 1880 map is being lived in by the Rail Road Engineer A.M. Curtiss, who later becomes the VP of RR in Buffalo, NY. The dash lines show where Jefferson St. will be constructed through one of the buildings.</p><br>
<p>The 1880 map of the City of Buffalo by F.W. Beers & Co. shows that the J.F. "Schantstin" building is between Main St. and Jefferson. To the east of Jefferson, of what was the "Ergot"-Curtiss house became the St. Vincent Female Orphanage and is set back from Delavan Ave. at roughly where 60 Hedley place is today. The B.C. "Rumsey" (Bronson C. Rumsey) is east of Meech St. and west of Oak Grove.</p><br>
<p>The Hedley Stone Farmhouse was likely set back from Delavan Ave. originally as the 1891 map by Rand, McNally & Company shows the eastern half of Hedley St. with a connection to Oak Grove (street) as having been constructed by the time of making the map. The Western half of Hedley St. connecting to Jefferson Ave. had not been constructed yet. This area o the city is ward 12 from 1855 to 1890. It is part of ward 25 in 1893.</p><br>
<p>Although neighborhood legend holds that it was used as slave quarters, all evidence indicates that it was built well after New York State abolished slavery in 1827.</p><br>
<p>The stone farmhouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999. It is located in the Hamlin Park Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Edgar W. Howell House is a historic home located at Buffalo, Erie County, New York. It was built about 1889, and is a -story Late Victorian style frame dwelling with eclectic design elements. The three bay dwelling has a hipped roof and decorative entrance porch.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007. It is located in the Elmwood Historic District–East.</p><br>
<p>Building 170 is a former electrical substation located by the Anacostia River in the Navy Yard neighborhood of Washington, D.C. It is situated on the northwest corner of 3rd and Tingey Streets, Southeast, three blocks from the historic Washington Navy Yard. The industrial, two-story building was recently renovated and currently owned by the United States Department of Transportation. It is a contributing property to the Washington Navy Yard Annex Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Constructed in 1919, Building 170 was part of a 60-acre (24.2 ha) industrial complex used by the United States Navy until 1962. During World War I and World War II, the Navy Yard Annex was the center of USA naval weapon production and ordnance technology. In 1963, ownership of Building 170 and 55 acres of the Washington Navy Yard Annex was transferred to the General Services Administration.</p><br>
<p>The GSA completed a master plan to redevelop the site for office and mixed-use to accommodate federal agencies and renovate and adapt the historic buildings. It conducted a design charrette in cooperation with the National Endowment for the Arts and nationally known designers to generate more ideas for the site. It was a model for interagency charrettes, later used by the departments of Treasury and Agriculture, among others.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, Building 170 was renovated when the USA Department of Transportation built its new headquarters on the same street. Upgrades to the surrounding property included the installation of fountains, landscaping, and a plaza. Future plans for the renovated building include leasing 8,000 ft&sup2; of retail space on the first floor, with the second floor&#39;s remaining 10,500 ft&sup2; being leased if demand rises.</p><br>
<p>On January 3, 2008, Building 170 was one of 14 structures designated as contributing properties to the Washington Navy Yard Annex Historic District. The boundaries of the historic district include M Street, the Anacostia River, Isaac Hull Avenue, and 2nd Street, SE.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Building 170 is an example of industrial Colonial Revival architecture. The 18,500 ft&sup2; steel-framed building is faced in red brick, and features an open interior and metal shed roof. A pronounced ridge monitor runs along the entire length of the building.</p><br>
<p>Parke Apartments, also known as Park Lane Condominium, is a historic apartment building located at Buffalo in Erie County, New York. It was designed and built in 1924–1925 by the H.L. Stevens & Company and is an early 20th-century high-class apartment building modestly styled in the Second Renaissance Revival mode. It is a ten-story, concrete-framed masonry building built of cream-colored brick with light stone detail in a T-shaped layout. Also on the property is a two-story former carriage house. It was converted from apartments to condominiums in 1977.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007. It is located in the Elmwood Historic District–East.</p><br>
<p>C. W. Miller Livery Stable is a historic multi-story livery stable located at Buffalo in Erie County, New York. It is a six-story, rectangular masonry building 65 feet wide and 236 feet deep, built between 1892 and 1894. As horses were phased out and automobiles became more common, it was converted for use as a parking garage.</p><br>
<p>Designed by Lansing and Beierl, it was nationally known because of its engineering and other innovations to handle the requirements of horses and wagons, coaches, etc. in a vertical environment. Originally built with long ramps, in the 1920s it was modified with steeper ramps so that motor vehicles could move more efficiently between floors. When opened, it was proclaimed a "palace for horses."</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<p>The site was purchased in 2017 by Buffalo Public Schools for its Emerson School of Hospitality. It was redeveloped in conjunction with the late real estate developer Mark Croce in converting the facility to a culinary school, in partnership with the Curtiss Hotel next door.</p><br>
<p>The Harlow C. Curtiss Building, is a historic building located at Buffalo in Erie County, New York. Originally built for office use, the building was named for its owner Harlow Clarke Curtiss, a prominent Buffalo attorney and real estate investor. The building design resembles elements of the works of renowned Chicago architects such as Daniel Burnham and Louis Sullivan, both of whom also designed buildings in Buffalo.</p><br>
<p>The Curtiss Building was designed by Buffalo-based architect Paul F. Mann, who was a brother-in-law of Curtiss. The building is one of the largest terra cotta structures of its type and period in downtown Buffalo.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction on the building began in 1912 and was finished in 1913. The building&#39;s earliest tenants included the Kittinger Furniture Company. Other occupants included lawyers, stationers, and paramedical companies, but Curtiss did not have his own office here. The building had a series of successive owners and tenants over the ensuing decades, but was vacant by the early 1990s.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, the building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Developer Mark Croce bought the Curtiss in 2002, and acquired the adjacent former Continental nightclub and a parking lot in April 2009. Croce also owned the Hotel Statler in downtown Buffalo before dying in a helicopter crash in early 2020.</p><br>
<p>As of June 2017, Croce completed an $18+ million renovation of the building to adapt it as the "Curtiss Hotel". The Curtiss is Buffalos only 5-star hotel. It has 68 rooms and is open for business. Amenities include a first-floor corner 3-meal restaurant, featuring a revolving bar reminiscent of Buffalos historic Chez Ami Supper Club. This will have patio seating along W. Huron Street. On the opposite corner of the building, adjacent to a porte cochère and main entranceway, the hotel features Buffalo&#39;s first all-weather, urban hot springs/Roman bath.</p><br>
<p>As of December 2015, project costs were estimated at $20 million because of upgrades. The bar is called "Chez Ami" and makes one full rotation per hour, "at a non-discernible speed," to give patrons a 270-degree panoramic view of the city through giant picture windows.</p><br>
<h2>357-363 Delaware Avenue</h2><br>
<p>In 1924, Harlow C. Curtiss commissioned a second commercial and office building, to be built at 357-363 Delaware Avenue, and bearing the address as its name. The Buffalo architectural firm of Esenwein & Johnson was the architect selected for that building.</p><br>
<p>The Ralston Community Clubhouse was built in 1914 as a community school in Ralston, Wyoming. It was abandoned as a school in 1922 when Ralston consolidated its school with the neighboring Powell school district. The Powell district offered the school to the Ralston Community Club in 1930. The clubhouse became the social center of Ralston, serving as a community meeting hall and polling place. It was particularly important to local women&#39;s organizations.</p><br>
<p>The clubhouse is a wood-frame building covered with asbestos shingles, on a concrete foundation. The one story building has a hip roof with a gable roof addition. The central entry vestibule extends beyond the eave level and is covered by a projecting hipped dormer-like roof to mark the main entrance, replacing the original belfry. The addition, built in 1951, contains the kitchen. An outhouse, divided into mens and womens sections, stands near the northeast corner of the clubhouse. Coal heat in the clubhouse was replaced with natural gas in 1968. The original wood clapboard siding was covered with asbestos shingles in 1951. At the same time the belfry and bell were removed and donated to the Presbyterian church in Powell.</p><br>
<p>Buffalo Tennis and Squash Club is a historic clubhouse building in Buffalo in Erie County, New York. It was built in 1915–1916 and is a -story, Classical Revival–style building with a hipped roof. It is constructed of hollow tile and is sheathed in stucco with brick quoins. The original building was enlarged with the addition of two doubles squash courts in 1929. A second tennis court was added in 1968.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008. It is located in the Elmwood Historic District–West.</p><br>
<p>Annunciation School is a historic parochial school building located at Buffalo in Erie County, New York. It was built in 1928 and is an I-shaped brick structure representative of standardized, modestly sized school buildings of the period. It was operated by the Sisters of St. Mary of Namur. The school was closed as a parish school in 1988. It was home to the Catholic Academy of West Buffalo until 2005 and was converted to apartments in 2009–2010.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<p>The Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse  is a 37-story courthouse at 40 Centre Street on Foley Square in the Civic Center neighborhood of Lower Manhattan in New York City, United States. Opened in 1936, the building was designed by Cass Gilbert and his son, Cass Gilbert Jr., in the Classical Revival style. The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York hear cases in the courthouse, which is across the street from the Metropolitan Correctional Center, New York City. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is a New York City designated landmark.</p><br>
<p>The building is divided into two parts: a six-story base and a 31-story office tower. The facade of the structure is made of gray Minnesota granite. The base of the courthouse, built around three interior courtyards, occupies an irregular lot. The main entrance on Centre Street contains a portico accessed by massive granite steps, while the remainder of the base contains flat pilasters. A square tower, recessed from the base, rises to a small setback on the 27th floor and a pyramidal roof above the 30th. The main hall, spanning the width of the building along Centre Street, is decorated with marble floors and walls and a coffered ceiling. The building also contains 35 courtrooms, as well as a double-height library on the 25th floor.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse was proposed in 1928 because of overcrowding at the City Hall Post Office and Courthouse. Construction began in July 1932 and lasted three and a half years; it was among the first federal skyscrapers constructed. After Gilbert&#39;s death, his son Cass Gilbert Jr. supervised construction. The building opened on January 15, 1936, and was renovated in the 1990s. The United States Congress passed a bill renaming the building in honor of former United States Supreme Court justice Thurgood Marshall in 2001, and the courthouse was rededicated on April 15, 2003. The building underwent extensive renovations from 2006 to 2013.</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<p>The United States Courthouse is in the Civic Center neighborhood of Lower Manhattan in New York City, United States. It occupies most section of the city block bounded by Centre Street and Foley Square to the northwest, Pearl Street to the north, Cardinal Hayes Place to the southeast, and St. Andrews Plaza to the south. The irregularly shaped land lot covers 74,180 ft2, with a frontage of 205.58 ft on Pearl Street and a depth of 381.25 ft. The courthouse is flanked by two high-rise government buildings: the Manhattan Municipal Building to the south and the Daniel Patrick Moynihan United States Courthouse to the north. Adjacent to the Thurgood Marshall USA Courthouse, and also facing Foley Square, is the New York County Courthouse to the north. The building also abuts St. Andrew Church to the southeast and the Metropolitan Correctional Center, New York, jail to the east.</p><br>
<p>Historically, the site of the Thurgood Marshall USA Courthouse was occupied by the southern portion of Collect Pond. By the mid-19th century, slums and tenements had been developed in the area, which had become known as Five Points. The area was redeveloped into the Civic Center in the early 20th century, with the construction of various city government buildings there. Just prior to the construction of the present courthouse, the site had contained the New York City Board of Health building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Prior to the construction of the current courthouse, the City Hall Post Office had contained federal offices and courtrooms. The post office building had become overcrowded by 1928, when the federal government of the United States acquired land on Church Street for a new federal office building. Federal jurists advocated for their own courthouse, leading the United States Department of the Treasury to approve a second building in 1930.</p><br>
<h3>Development</h3><br>
<p>As early as 1930, the architectural firm of McKim, Mead & White had drawn up designs for a federal courthouse at Centre and Pearl Streets, replacing the New York City Board of Health building. Architect Cass Gilbert was commissioned to design a new federal courthouse at Foley Square, and Gilbert submitted plans for the courthouse to the Treasury Department in February 1932. The 38-story building, composed of a 7-story base and 31-story tower, would contain all offices for the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. In June 1932, the federal government acquired the Health Department Building from the government of New York City, selling the City Hall Post Office to the city. In addition, the city and the St. Andrew Church swapped two land parcels, since the church owned some property that was to be part of the courthouse.</p><br>
<p>In July 1932, the federal government hired the George J. Atwell Foundation Corporation to excavate the site of the courthouse. The USA Treasury had approved the exterior design, but the interior arrangement was still being finalized. The federal government solicited bids for the courthouse&#39;s construction in January 1933, with each bidder submitting three cost estimates for different construction materials. James Stewart & Co. submitted a low bid for granite, while the N. P. Severin Company submitted a low bid for limestone. The Treasury decided to build the courthouse out of granite, awarding a contract to James Stewart & Co. for $5.996 million on January 20, 1933. The contractor was given 720 business days to finish the job.</p><br>
<p>Lawyers and federal officials laid the buildings cornerstone on March 1, 1933. The next month, Bethlehem Steel subsidiary McClintic-Marshall Company received a contract to manufacture 10,500 ST of steel for the building. After Gilberts death in 1934, construction was supervised by his son Cass Gilbert Jr. until its completion. The courthouse was originally known as the Foley Square Courthouse and was among the first federal skyscrapers constructed. By early 1935, James Stewart & Co. planned to finish the building before that August.</p><br>
<h3>Usage</h3><br>
<h4>20th century</h4><br>
<p>In 1942, the federal government sued the city government, requesting that the city pay $5.2 million as part of the land swap. The city government unsuccessfully petitioned the Supreme Court of the United States to rule on the dispute, and the city had paid for the land in full by the end of 1945. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) also occupied nine stories in the United States Courthouse until 1952, when the FBI leased other space nearby.</p><br>
<p>The government of New York City proposed redeveloping the Civic Center in 1962 as part of the "ABC plan". Several structures were to have been demolished to make way for a new Civic Center municipal building and a plaza, although the United States Courthouse would have remained in place. The General Services Administration planned to rearrange the interior of the United States Courthouse, but a federal judge placed an injunction on the plans in 1963. The city presented a revised proposal for the neighborhood in April 1964. As part of the Civic Center redevelopment, in 1965, the USA government proposed constructing a new building (later the Jacob K. Javits Federal Building) to house appellate courts and eleven federal agencies. This would free up about 32,000 ft2 in the courthouse building. The building&#39;s facade was also washed in mid-1965 for the first time in three decades.</p><br>
<p>The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the United States Courthouse as a New York City landmark on March 25, 1975. The same year, the adjacent Metropolitan Correctional Center, New York, jail opened to the east. The United States Attorney&#39;s office was also relocated from the courthouse to the jail building. Although the new jail was not directly visible from Foley Square, it was connected to the courthouse via a footbridge. The building was slightly damaged by flooding in 1977, after a water main broke.</p><br>
<p>The United States Courthouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 2, 1987. In 1992, three large historic courtrooms were restored. The courthouse was substantially renovated in 1999.</p><br>
<h4>Renaming and renovation</h4><br>
<p>The United States Courthouse originally did not have an official name. In 1999, the United States Congress proposed renaming the courthouse after the late Supreme Court of the United States justice Thurgood Marshall. Before being elevated to the Supreme Court, Marshall had worked at the courthouse from 1961 to 1965 as a judge of the Second Circuit Court of Appeals. The United States Congress passed a bill in 2001, renaming the building in honor of Thurgood Marshall. The legislation was signed into law on August 20, 2001, and the building was rededicated on April 15, 2003.</p><br>
<p>In November 2006, the Second Circuit left the Marshall Courthouse while the building underwent extensive renovations. During this period, the Daniel Patrick Moynihan USA Courthouse across the street temporarily housed the Second Circuit. Some of the new wires and pipes were concealed behind existing decorations. For example, air-conditioning ducts were installed under the floor of the double-height library, while a sprinkler was placed within the library&#39;s mezzanine. The Second Circuit returned to the Marshall Courthouse in early 2013 after renovations were completed.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The building has two major parts: an irregular six-story base and a square tower with a lantern. In total, the building is 590 ft tall and 37 stories. On all elevations of the facade, the building is clad with off-white Minnesota granite, mottled with peach and gray colors. The building&#39;s windows largely consist of single-glazed panes, coated with a blast-resistant film.</p><br>
<h4>Base</h4><br>
<p>The base measures 321 by. On all elevations, the first four stories are clad with rusticated granite blocks. The building&#39;s cornerstone is made of granite and contains the names of Treasury secretary Ogden L. Mills, assistant Treasury secretary Ferry K. Heath, architect Cass Gilbert, and supervising architect James A. Wetmore.</p><br>
<p>Massive granite steps flanked by large pedestals lead up to the main entrance on Foley Square. Gilbert intended the pedestals to bear two monumental sculptural groups, but they were never executed. On Centre Street, ten quadruple-height Corinthian columns form a colonnade, behind which is the main entrance portico. There are windows recessed behind this portico, as well as flat pilasters on either side of the colonnade. The words "United States Court House" are inscribed on the fifth-story frieze, which does not have any windows. The frieze is carved with a detailed floral design. The ends of the entablature above are embellished with roundels, designed to resemble ancient coins, on which are carved the heads of four ancient lawgivers: Plato, Aristotle, Demosthenes, and Moses. Above this entablature is a cornice with denticulated blocks. The sixth story is treated as an attic, with rectangular windows separated by pilasters. A bronze flagpole rises above the portico.</p><br>
<p>On the other elevations of the base, there are pilasters topped by Corinthian capitals, which are similar to those above the columns in the portico. The pilasters face north toward Pearl Street and east toward Cardinal Hayes Place. The northeast corner of the building, facing east, is rounded off. The first floor is mostly above ground level, except at the southwestern end, where it abuts St. Andrew Church. At that location, the first floor is the same height as the ground. Above the sixth story, the base has a green roof covering 21,000 ft2. The green roof also includes a 10,000 gal rainwater tank, which was intended to reduce the building&#39;s water consumption by 25 percent compared to a conventional building of the same size.</p><br>
<h4>Tower</h4><br>
<p>The tower is a square measuring 100 by. The bays are separated vertically by projecting piers and horizontally by rectangular spandrel panels. Above the 22nd floor, a denticulated cornice runs horizontally across all elevations of the facade. There are seven square windows on each elevation at the 23rd story. On the 24th and 25th floors, each elevation contains seven bays separated by double-height pilasters. On each elevation, each of the five central bays contains a double-height arched window, above which is a square window; the two outer bays contain narrow rectangular windows.</p><br>
<p>At the 27th floor, the tower contains a small setback and is surrounded by a parapet. The setback section is marked by urns at the corners. Above the setback, the tower rises for three additional stories and contains five bays on each elevation. The bays are separated by triple-height engaged columns designed in the Ionic order, and there are two pilasters on each end of either elevation. These columns and pilasters support a cornice and a small attic. The top of the tower contains stone eagles at each corner, between which are low parapets. The eagles and parapets surround the steep pyramidal roof.</p><br>
<p>The roof of the tower is pyramidal, pitched steeply, and made of terracotta clad in gold leaf. The lowest section of the roof contains a small dormer window on each elevation. Above that are three additional levels of dormer windows. There is also a small open lantern, also gold-glazed terracotta, at the top. The base of the lantern is surrounded by a railing, while the lantern&#39;s corners and steep roof contain finials.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The public interior spaces were intended as "ceremonial spaces".</p><br>
<h4>Main hall</h4><br>
<p>The main hall spans the width of the building along its principal elevation on Centre Street. It is very similar in design and ornamentation to the main hall of the United States Supreme Court building, which Gilbert designed at the same time. Twenty-nine feet in height, it has green- and black-veined white marble floors; the white marble that lines its walls has gold- and cream-colored veining. There are double-height Ionic pilasters superimposed onto the marble walls. The ceiling is made of plaster and wood and is divided into seven rectangular, coffered sections. These coffers are separated from each other by elaborate moldings with Greek key motifs. The coffers are decorated with large plaster rosettes tipped with 22-karat gold leaf on alternating backgrounds of crimson and peacock blue, with smaller rosettes at the junctions of the coffers.</p><br>
<p>Richly ornamental bronzework surrounds many of the interior doors, including those of the elevators. The elevator doors are made of steel, painted in a gold color; they were initially supposed to be made of brass, but these plans were changed to save money. This bronze detailing features an unusual combination of metaphorical images related to law and government, including dolphins, an erudite if somewhat obscure symbol of birth and democratic ideals. Among the other motifs are grasshoppers apparently feeding on stalks of wheat, accompanied by the Greek word meta, meaning "to transform", which conveys the idea that change, even conflict, is essential to growth; there are also owls, representing wisdom, and acorns and oak leaves, signifying strength and endurance.</p><br>
<h4>Courtrooms and offices</h4><br>
<p>Variations on the decorative motifs employed within the main hall appear throughout the rest of the interior. The building contains 35 courtrooms. Sixteen are original to the courthouse: five in the base and eleven in the tower, including the historic United States Court of Appeals courtroom. Many of the smaller courtrooms have been significantly modified, but many of the larger courtrooms retain their original decorations. All have wood-paneled walls with colossal round arches and fluted Ionic pilasters; the Greek key molding seen in the main hall also frames the ceilings of the tower courtrooms. The Court of Appeals courtroom ceiling also depicts nautical symbols.</p><br>
<p>There are 11 elevators, of which four only operate to the 17th floor, the highest floor that is open to the public. The upper floors mostly contain offices, which retain little of the original decorations or layout. Within the tower, at the twenty-fifth floor, a double-height library features large ceiling beams supported by brackets painted with stenciled foliate designs. The library largely retains its original design, although a balcony has been added to increase the capacity of the stacks. The library&#39;s high arched windows overlook of the Manhattan skyline.</p><br>
<h2>Impact</h2><br>
<p>The courthouse was not unanimously well received when it was completed. Modernist architecture proponent and sociologist Lewis Mumford called it "the supreme example of pretentiousness, mediocrity, bad design and fake grandeur."</p><br>
<p>The front steps of the Federal Courthouse, along with that of the neighboring New York County Courthouse, have also been used as a filming location. Court administrator Steven Flanders told The Wall Street Journal in 1989: "The steps are where fantasy and reality seem to merge into a spectacle that the public can&#39;t resist."</p><br>
<p>The Cookeville Railroad Depot is a railroad depot in Cookeville, in the USA state of Tennessee. Built by the Tennessee Central Railway in 1909, the depot served Cookeville until the 1950s when passenger train service to the city was phased out. The depot was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 and is home to the Cookeville Depot Museum.</p><br>
<p>Although it was often wrought with financial difficulties and struggled in the face of competition from the larger L&N and Southern railroads, the construction of the Tennessee Central line was an important political and economic milestone for late-19th century Middle Tennessee. The railroad connected the residents of the Upper Cumberland region to the outside world, and gave the region&#39;s farmers access to major markets in Nashville and Knoxville. The railroad also brought urbanization and modern development to Cookeville and other cities in the Upper Cumberland and Cumberland Plateau regions.</p><br>
<h2>Construction of the Tennessee Central</h2><br>
<p>After the Civil War, large-scale railroad construction occurred in East Tennessee and the Nashville and Memphis areas, but the difficult terrain of the Highland Rim and the Cumberland Plateau stalled the railroad&#39;s advance into the Upper Cumberland region. In the 1870s, the Tennessee and Pacific Railroad built a line connecting Nashville and Lebanon (this line was purchased by the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway in 1877). Politicians and newspaper reporters across the Upper Cumberland region initiated a massive publicity campaign in the early 1880s calling for the railroad to be extended across Middle Tennessee.</p><br>
<p>In 1884, mining entrepreneur Alexander Crawford, believing the Upper Cumberland region to be endowed with vast deposits of high-quality coal, chartered the Nashville & Knoxville Railroad with plans to extend the railroad across the Cumberland Plateau and allow shipment of coal to markets in Nashville and Knoxville. Although a particularly difficult stretch between Watertown and Silver Point&mdash; requiring the building of several trestles across the Caney Fork&mdash; slowed the railroads construction, the Nashville & Knoxvilles tracks nevertheless reached Cookeville in July 1890. Although Crawford died shortly thereafter, his sons continued his work, and managed to extend the tracks to Monterey, at the edge of the Cumberland Plateau.</p><br>
<p>In 1893, Middle Tennessee businessman Jere Baxter (1852&ndash;1904) chartered the Tennessee Central Railroad with plans to continue what Crawford had started. Like Crawford, Baxter faced major economic obstacles. He raised funds by selling bonds to Cumberland and Roane counties, and saved money by using convict labor. He also had to overcome legal maneuvering by the L&N and Southern railroads, who feared the Tennessee Central&#39;s competition. In 1898, the Tennessee Central completed its eastern section, connecting Monterey with the Southern tracks at Harriman. Baxter purchased the Nashville & Knoxville Railroad in 1902, and two years later the Tennessee Central completed a line from Nashville to the Illinois Central tracks at Hopkinsville, Kentucky, thus connecting Middle Tennessee to the rest of the country. Cookeville residents could now travel all the way to Minnesota via 10-hour train ride.</p><br>
<p>After Baxter&#39;s death in 1904, the Tennessee Central continued to struggle with financing. It attempted lease arrangements with both the Illinois Central and Southern Railroad, but by 1908 these arrangements had been abandoned. In 1912, the Tennessee Central was placed in receivership, and in subsequent years was reorganized with more of a focus on freight traffic. By the mid-20th century, the rise of automobile and bus travel brought about the decline of passenger trains. The last passenger train left Cookeville on July 31, 1955.</p><br>
<h2>Cookeville Depot</h2><br>
<p>The Nashville & Knoxville Railroad constructed the first railroad depot at Cookeville in the 1890s. The mere announcement of the company&#39;s plans for the depot "one half-mile west of the courthouse" caused property values in the western section of town to skyrocket. Along with the depot, N&K built a two-story office building, a reservoir, and several repair shops. The Tennessee Central replaced the N&K depot with the present pagoda-like structure in 1909, although it moved the service facilities to Monterey.</p><br>
<p>The presence of the railroad depot led to a boom in housing construction in Cookeville. Residences were built along or near the tracks, and a shanty town known as "Boxtown" developed in the vicinity of what is now Cookeville Regional Medical Center. Shops lined the road between the depot and the courthouse square, culminating in a large shopping mall known as "The Arcade," which was located across the street from the Putnam County Courthouse. The railroad also made possible the establishment of Dixie College and Tennessee Polytechnic Institute&mdash; the forerunners of Tennessee Technological University.</p><br>
<h2>Cookeville Depot Museum</h2><br>
<p>The City of Cookeville, with help from the nonprofit group Friends of the Depot, maintains the Cookeville Depot as a museum. Along with the depot, the museum maintains a collection of train cars and railroad memorabilia. Engine #509, a 4-6-0 ten-wheeler built by Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1913, originally used by the Louisiana and Arkansas Railway, was acquired by the museum in 2002 from the Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum and its appearance modified to match contemporary Tennessee Central engines. The museum acquired an L&N bay window caboose (with a newer gray-and-yellow paint scheme, as opposed to the traditional red) in 1985, and in 2005 restored a red cupola-style caboose to its original appearance.</p><br>
<p>The N. P. Smith Pioneer Hardware Store is a historic commercial building in Bend, Oregon, United States. The structure was built in 1909 by Nichols P. Smith, a Bend businessman. The two-story building originally housed a hardware business on the ground floor with family quarters on the second floor. The building is located on the Northwest Wall Street in downtown Bend. It has been in continuous use as a commercial building since it first opened. Today, the Smith Hardware Store is the only wood-frame structure that remains in downtown Bend. Because of its importance to the history of Bend, the Smith Pioneer Hardware Store is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Nichols Smith</h2><br>
<p>At the age of 34, Nichols Paul Smith came to Central Oregon to help survey the Bend town site for Alexander M. Drake, owner of the Pilot Butte Development Company. Smith worked as a surveyor and carpenter, helping to establish the Bend community. He built a house near the Deschutes River in the area that is now the Drake Park Neighborhood Historic District. In 1903, Smith and his wife, Cora Bell, opened a hardware store on the east side of Wall Street near the center of downtown Bend.</p><br>
<p>In 1909, Smith built a new store across the street from his original location with an apartment upstairs so he could be close to his business. Smiths new store sold a wide range of household goods including stoves and butter churns. He also sold building materials, farm equipment, and hunting and fishing supplies. When automobiles began to appear in Bend, Smith was the first businessman to sell gasoline to motorists. When the Great Northern and Union Pacific railroads opened routes into central Oregon in 1911, a building boom began in Bend, and Smiths business prospered.</p><br>
<p>In addition to being a successful businessman, Smith was also active in civic affairs and politics. He was a member of Bends volunteer fire department. He also supervised the construction of the citys downtown sidewalks. Smith was the local chairman of the Democratic Party and served on the election board for many years as well a bailiff for the Deschutes County Court.</p><br>
<h2>Building history</h2><br>
<p>The N. P. Smith Pioneer Hardware Store and adjoining warehouse were built by Nichols P. Smith in June 1909, just four years after the city of Bend was founded. The building originally housed a hardware store on the ground floor with second floor apartment where Smith and his family lived. The structure was typical of the commercial building being constructed in Bend in the early 20th century, simple and functional. The hardware store remained in business until 1930. Since then several other businesses have occupied the building. Smith&#39;s daughter, Marjorie Smith, was still living in the upstairs apartment in the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>In 1983, the building&#39;s street front exterior was renovated and restored. The aluminum and plywood siding that had been installed over the years was removed, revealing the original façade still in excellent condition. Window sills, corner boards, and the cornice molding were replaced. Then the original horizontal lap siding and restored board trim were repainted in their original colors.</p><br>
<p>The N. P. Smith Pioneer Hardware Store is an excellent example of a commercial building from Bends earliest period of development. It was among the citys first retail stores. Today, it is the oldest wood-frame structure that still exists in downtown Bend. Because of its importance to Bend history, the N. P. Smith Pioneer Hardware Store was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on 5 April 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>The Smith Pioneer Hardware Store is located on the west side of Wall Street between Oregon Avenue and Minnesota Avenue in downtown Bend. It is a two-story wood-frame building with a footprint of 20 feet by 75 feet with an adjoining 20 foot by 70 foot warehouse in the back. The combined structure occupies a 25 by 150 foot city lot. There is a newer brick structure abutting the store&#39;s external wall on the north side. On the south side of the building, there is a narrow walkway between the store and the neighboring brick structure. It provides access to an open stairway that leads to the second floor apartment. The back of the warehouse opens on to an alleyway called Brooks Street.</p><br>
<p>The Smith store is a good example of the western false front type commercial structure. These simple commercial buildings were typically two stories with a vertical facade and square top. A gabled-roof structure was often hidden behind the false front. Like Smith, many owners ran a store or other business on the ground floor and live upstairs. There were many false front buildings constructed in the Bend area between 1900 and 1910. However, the Smith hardware store is the only surviving example in downtown Bend.</p><br>
<p>Originally, the store front was faced with six inch horizontal lap siding, trimmed at the corners with 1-by-6 vertical wooden molding. The entrance to the store is through recessed double doors in the center of the building. However, the double doors have been replaced by a single glass door with full-length windows on either side. The entrance is flanked by two large display windows, each with four window panes. On the second floor, there are two separate double-hung casement windows overlooking the street. The façade was originally capped with a wooden cornice that extends 20 inches out from the building&#39;s face, but it was eventually replaced by a molded stucco cornice. The building has a flat roof that slope gently toward the rear of the structure.</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<p>In the Smith building, the ground floor is commercial space, originally housing a hardware store. Inside, the walls are finished with two-inch tongue-and-groove paneling. The flooring is 1-by-4 tongue-and-groove planking. Originally, there were built-in shelves along the full length of one wall. The original light fixtures had glass shades and were suspended from the ceiling by drop-cords. The door knobs, locks, and other hardware were brass. Over the years, the original tongue-and-groove ceiling was covered by a suspended acoustic tile ceiling and fluorescent lights have been installed using the original drop-cords. The original shelves have been replaced by new shelving that now runs along both sidewalls, and the floor is now carpeted.</p><br>
<p>The owner&#39;s apartment upstairs includes a living room, dining room, kitchen, and two bedrooms. The walls and floor were finished with the same tongue-and-groove paneling and planking as downstairs. However, the walls have been covered by wallpaper in the bedrooms and plasterboard in the other rooms and the floors have been carpeted. The woodwork includes eight-inch baseboard molding and four-inch framing around the doors and windows. The kitchen has built-in cabinets. There are ventilation transoms above some interior doors. Like the ground floor, the light fixtures have glass shades and are suspended from the ceiling by drop-cords and the door hardware is brass.</p><br>
<p>There was originally a large open porch on the second floor adjacent to the living area. Around 1915, the porch was enclosed and turned into additional living space. That alteration added a third bedroom, a family room, a bathroom, and some interior storage space to the apartment.</p><br>
<p>The Stock Center in Cody, Wyoming, United States, was built in 1927 as the original home of the Buffalo Bill Museum, serving in that purpose until the museum was relocated to a new complex across the street in 1969. The log structure is intended to suggest a stockman&#39;s log cabin, rendered on a large scale.</p><br>
<p>The irregularly shaped one-story building was arranged with a small lobby leading to exhibit rooms intended to represent a living room, trophy room-library, dining room, kitchen and bedrooms in a ranchers house. These rooms housed the Buffalo Bill Museums collections. The museum was built as a community project, using Buffalo Bill Cody&#39;s T E Ranch Headquarters as the basis for the design.</p><br>
<p>After museum&#39;s move, the former museum was purchased by Paul Stock, a Cody-area oilman, rancher, and three-term mayor of Cody, who then passed the property on to the town of Cody for community use. The Stock Center was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The Paul Stock House was the residence of three-time Cody, Wyoming mayor, oilman, rancher and philanthropist Paul Stock. Built in 1945–46, the house is on a secluded site on a bluff overlooking the Shoshone River, with a view of Heart and Cedar Mountains on the edge of Cody. The house was designed by Leon Goodrich, who was fired after two months because Stock didnt want to be told what to do by the architect. Stock took over the management of the project from then on, building the rambling house in the Spanish Eclectic style. While Stock oversaw the project himself, he kept nearly all of Goodrichs design intact.</p><br>
<p>The house is laid out in an irregular H plan of about 6,700 ft&sup2, with a one-story facade to the front and a two-story elevation where it steps down the bluff to the rear. The exterior is finished in stucco over hollow clay tile with tile roof accents.</p><br>
<p>Stock employed oilfield technology in his house, using deep pilings for support and employing oilfield piping for water, sewer and gas pipes. Two fireplaces are built of polished well cores from the nearby Oregon Basin. Two guest houses in similar style are nearby on the site.</p><br>
<p>The Stock House is owned by the Buffalo Bill Historical Center and is used as a guest residence. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>US Post Office—Akron is a historic post office building located at Akron, Erie County, New York. It was designed and built 1939–1940, and is one of a number of post offices in New York State designed by the Office of the Supervising Architect of the Treasury Department, Louis A. Simon. It was completed in December 1940 as the result of residents requesting it from Congressman Alfred Beiter. The building is in the Colonial Revival style and is virtually identical to the post offices at Scotia, Oxford, Middleburgh, and Horseheads. The interior features a mural by Elizabeth Logan painted in 1941 and titled Horse-Drawn Railroad. Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>When it opened on December 30, 1940, the Akron News reported that, "As you enter the stately stairway to the entrance of the new postoffice you have a certain sense of solidness and rigidity. The brass trimmed doors lend an atmosphere of a Government building."</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>US Post Office—Angola is a historic post office building located at Angola in Erie County, New York. It was designed and built 1938–1939, and is one of a number of post offices in New York State designed by the Office of the Supervising Architect of the Treasury Department, Louis A. Simon. The building is in the Colonial Revival style. The interior features a cast-stone relief sculpture by Leopold Scholz executed in 1940 and titled A Pioneer Woman&#39;s Bravery. Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>US Post Office—Depew is a historic post office building located at Depew in Erie County, New York. It was designed and built 1938–1939, and is one of a number of post offices in New York State designed by the Office of the Supervising Architect of the Treasury Department, Louis A. Simon. The building is in the Colonial Revival style. The interior features a mural by Anne Poor painted in 1941 and titled "Beginning the Day." Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>US Post Office—Lancaster is a historic post office building located at Lancaster in Erie County, New York. It was designed and built 1938–1939, and is one of a number of post offices in New York State designed by the Office of the Supervising Architect of the Treasury Department, Louis A. Simon. The building is in the Colonial Revival style. The interior features a mural by Arthur Getz painted in 1940 and titled "Early Commerce in the Erie Canal Region." Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The Clark County Historical Museum, Vancouver, Washington, is located in a 1909 Carnegie library and is operated by the Clark County Historical Society, established in 1917. It opened at the old Carnegie Library building on May 24, 1964. The first museum director was Joe Pagel.</p><br>
<p>The museum features rotating exhibits of local interest including a semi-permanent Native American craft exhibit. The Society is dedicated to the collection, preservation, and interpretation of the cultural history of Clark County and the Pacific Northwest, and to sponsoring educational programs and exhibits for the enrichment of all members of the public.</p><br>
<p>The Clark County Historical Museum is a 501(C)3 non-profit organization. The Clark County Historical Society operates the Museum in partnership with Clark County and the City of Vancouver. Additional funding helps sustain the operation of the museum and comes in many forms including: Clark County Historical Society membership dues, private and foundation grants, corporate sponsorships, in-kind gifts, and donations.</p><br>
<h2>Programs and annual events</h2><br>
<p>The museum was responsible for the establishment of the Carnegie Library Consortium of Washington and in 2009 launched "Mr. Carnegies Grand Tour of Washington," a free, annual automobile-based travel program exploring Washingtons historic Carnegie libraries and nearby heritage sites.</p><br>
<p>Since 2004, the museum has hosted Harvest Fun Day, an annual community event featuring scarecrow making, pumpkin painting, pie-eating, and corn-shucking contests, as well as antique farm equipment demonstrations and live music. The event is held on the fourth Saturday of September and since 2010 has been held at the 78th Street Heritage Farm in Hazel Dell (also Clark County&#39;s former Poor Farm).</p><br>
<p>Holiday Open House is a free-admission, annual holiday event when local artisans showcase their wares on the first Saturday of December.</p><br>
<p>The museum is open from 5 to 9 p.m. every first Thursday of the month from February through November for First Thursday Museum After Hours. Rotating guest lecturers speak at 7 p.m. on a variety of pertinent topics.</p><br>
<p>The museum also partners with local schools on educational projects, such as the kits used from 2009 to 2012 in several Clark County schools.</p><br>
<p>In 2010, the museum became the home of The Brautigan Library, a permanent collection of unpublished manuscripts inspired by author and poet Richard Brautigan&#39;s 1971 book The Abortion: An Historical Romance 1966 and submitted by people from around the world in the early 1990s.</p><br>
<p>School 13, also known as Boys Vocational High School and Buffalo Alternative High School, is a historic school building located at Buffalo in Erie County, New York. It was built about 1915, and is a three-story, steel framed building sheathed in brick and terra cotta with Beaux-Arts style design elements. The T-shaped building housed administrative offices, classrooms, a gymnasium, swimming pool, and two-story auditorium. The building housed a school until 2003.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>County and City Hall, also known as Erie County Hall, is a historic city hall and courthouse building located at Buffalo in Erie County, New York. It is a monumental granite structure designed by Rochester architect Andrew Jackson Warner and constructed between 1871 and 1875, with its cornerstone being laid on June 24, 1872. The building has four floors and features a 270-foot high clock tower.</p><br>
<p>The County and City Hall building originally held offices for the City of Buffalo and Erie County. City offices moved to the Buffalo City Hall as it was being constructed starting in 1929, and the building now houses Erie County court offices and records.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, maintained by the National Park Service of the USA Department of the Interior in 1976. It is located within the Joseph Ellicott Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Eberhardt Mansion is a historic home located at Kenmore in Erie County, New York. It is a locally distinctive example of the Neo-Romanesque style of architecture built in 1893 for Frederick Eberhardt, one of two brothers who originally developed Kenmore. In 1916 the home was purchased by the Wheel Chair Home, Inc., and in 1981 was purchased by coin broker Jack Hunt.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Rev. J. Edward Nash Sr. House is a historic home located at Buffalo in Erie County, New York. The house was constructed in 1892 and is in the Queen Anne style. It was home to Rev. J. Edward Nash Sr. , a prominent leader in Buffalo&#39;s African American community. He served as pastor at the Michigan Avenue Baptist Church from 1892 to 1953. Rev. Nash purchased the frame, two flat home in 1925 and his wife remained in the home until 1987. The house underwent exterior restoration in 2002-2003 and has been designated the Nash House Museum.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<p>Connecticut Street Armory, also known as the 74th Regimental Armory, is a historic National Guard armory building located at Buffalo in Erie County, New York. It is sited at Columbus Park. It is a massive castle-like structure built in 1899 of Medina sandstone. It was designed by architect Isaac G. Perry. It consists of a -story administration building with an attached 2-story drill shed all constructed of sandstone, lying on a rusticated battered stone foundation. The building features 4- to 6-story towers surrounding the administration building, and a -story square tower at the center entrance. It was the home to the 74th Regiment of the New York National Guard. Prior to its construction, the site was home to a 13.5 million gallon reservoir.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<p>George and Gladys Scheidemantel House is a historic home located at East Aurora in Erie County, New York. It is a locally distinctive example of the Arts and Crafts movement style of architecture built in 1910. It is a two-story, frame, bungalow that combines elements of the American Foursquare and Craftsman styles. George Scheidemantel was for a time head of the Roycroft Leather Shop and the house designer, William Roth, was head Roycroft carpenter.</p><br>
<p>The house now serves as The Elbert Hubbard Roycroft Museum. The museum features furniture and decorative items produced by the Roycroft community.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<p>Packard Motor Car Showroom and Storage Facility is a historic automobile showroom located at Buffalo in Erie County, New York. It is a three-story, reinforced concrete frame structure with restrained Neo-classical detailing. It was designed by Albert Kahn in about 1926 and served as a Packard dealership for 30 years.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<p>Pierce Arrow Factory Complex is a national historic district consisting of the former Pierce-Arrow automobile factory located at Buffalo in Erie County, New York.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was designed by Albert Kahn in about 1906 and served as the headquarters and production facility for Pierce-Arrow automobiles until 1938. Since then, the complex has been subdivided over the years to provide affordable space for many small companies and organizations. At one time local department store chain AM&A&#39;s operated a furniture warehouse in part of the complex.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Construction and features</h2><br>
<p>Located over a 34 acre site, it consists of a three-story, 132,970 ft&sup2; Administration Building and an assortment of automobile manufacturing and assembly related structures. The buildings are principally constructed of reinforced concrete, and the Administration Building is considered one of the two earliest fully-realized examples of the Daylight Factory industrial architecture style (the other being the Packard Automotive Plant in Detroit).</p><br>
<p>Trico Plant No. 1 is an historical building located in Buffalo, New York. Originally a factory that produced windshield wipers, it was converted in 2024 to apartments. It is an example of a style of architecture sometimes referred to as the daylight factory, a style for which Buffalo is well known. The building was mostly constructed in the 1920s and 1930s of reinforced concrete and features curtain walls of metal sash windows and brick spandrels, although a portion of the plant incorporates an historic brewery building from the 1890s. It was the original home of Trico Products Corporation, the first manufacturer of windshield wipers, and was an important factory during a period when Trico was the largest employer in the city of Buffalo. The building is also known for once being the office of John R. Oishei , the company&#39;s founder and an industrialist who went on to become one of the most important philanthropists in the Buffalo Niagara Region.</p><br>
<p>The Trico business continued to operate at the building until 1998, when, after having transferred most of its manufacturing facilities to Texas and Mexico, the company moved out of the building. In 2003, plans were developed and conditionally approved by the New York State Historic Preservation Office to reuse the building as a mixed residential and commercial structure. That developer subsequently died, and in 2007 the property was purchased by the Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus (BNMC). After sitting dormant for another four years, it was reported that BNMC planned demolition of about 95% of the building beginning on April 15, 2012 (saving only the brewery building). Meanwhile, community groups called attention to BNMC&#39;s refusal to conduct an adaptive reuse study or evaluation process prior to demolition to assess the feasibility of building reuse.</p><br>
<p>Trico Plant No. 1 was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>In 2019, large portions of the southernmost (1890-1937) sections of the building were demolished; the remaining portions were renovated into a mixed-use complex with loft apartments.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Trico Plant No. 1 was the first factory built by Trico, which went on to become a major manufacturer of windshield wipers. The company was founded by John R. Oishei, who in 1917 was the manager of the Teck Theater in Buffalo, when while driving in a heavy rain he struck a bicyclist with his car. This inspired Oishei to team up with John Jepson to market the windshield wiper blade Jepson had invented. The business first rented manufacturing space in North Buffalo, but in 1919 the Pierce Arrow Motor Company contracted the manufacturer to supply manually operated wipers for its luxury cars, and in 1920 Cadillac, Packard, and Lincoln did the same. The growing business, now fully owned by Oishei, purchased and moved its operations to the former ice house of the Christian Weyand Brewery at 624 Ellicott Street, recently made vacant by Prohibition.</p><br>
<p>The four-story, 40,000 square foot, brewery buildings brownstone and brick facade can still be seen from Ellicott Street surrounded by newer parts of the factory, and is known as Building #1. The building was built in the 1890s for the Weyand Brewing Company at a time when several large breweries were located in what was then a German American neighborhood. Christian Weyand (1826-1898), a German-speaking shoemaker from the Lorraine region in eastern France had earlier partnered with John Schetter to start the brewing business. Shortly after his two sons joined him in the business in the early 1890s, Weyand expanded the brewery to a capacity of over one million barrels per year, and built the ice house as a storage facility. The ice house is the only surviving part of the Weyand Brewery, and Oisheis decision to adapt and reuse the brewery building preserves one of the few remnants of Buffalo&#39;s once flourishing beer-making industry.</p><br>
<p>The building continued to be used by Trico for the manufacture of windshield wipers and related automotive parts until 1998, when the plant was closed. Buildings #9 and #10 were subsequently rehabilitated and used for the BNMC Innovation Center, a biomedical business incubator. The remaining parts of the plant have remained vacant.</p><br>
<p>John R. Oishei died in 1968. During his life he started a charitable foundation that has become one of the most important philanthropies in the Buffalo Niagara Region. In 2010, The John R. Oishei Foundation had $284 million in assets and contributed more than $14 million to community and medical causes in the region.</p><br>
<h2>Daylight Factory Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The first complete example of a concrete daylight factory was Ransome&#39;s Pacific Coast Borax Refinery – Second Phase factory in Bayonne, NJ of 1903. The architectural style reached a fully realized form in 1906 with the Packard Automotive Plant in Detroit, and in 1907 with the Pierce Arrow Administrative Building in Buffalo. At its peak in the 1910s and 1920s, the concrete daylight factory was a dominant industrial architectural style, but by the 1930s when Trico Plant No. 1 was mostly complete, the style was becoming less common as electric lighting reduced the need for large windowed factory space and as multistory factories became less prevalent.</p><br>
<p>The daylight factory is well represented in Buffalo. In addition to the Pierce Arrow Building and Trico Plant No. 1, examples include the Larkin R/S/T Warehouse, and the Buffalo Meter Company Building. Another example, currently called the Tri-Main Center, was built by the Ford Motor Company in 1915 and later purchased by Trico and named Trico Plant No. 2.</p><br>
<p>M. Wile and Company Factory Building is a historic garment factory located at Buffalo in Erie County, New York. It is an early and significant example of the "Daylight Factory." The four-story building, erected in 1924, is constructed of reinforced concrete and features curtain walls of metal sash windows. It was home to M. Wile & Company until 1999; a major manufacturer of men&#39;s suits, founded by Mayer Wile in Buffalo in 1877. In 1969, the company became a subsidiary of Hartmarx.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, plans were announced for redevelopment of the historic factory building as part of the Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus. The first floor of the building is occupied by the Buffalo Employment and Training Center.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>St. Mary of the Angels Motherhouse Complex is a historic Roman Catholic convent located in the Town of Amherst in Erie County, New York. It was designed in 1928 by Dietel and Wade, who also designed Buffalo City Hall, as an expansion of the Amherst headquarters of the Sisters of St. Francis. It served the sisters until 1998, when the property was transferred to the State of New York and Town of Amherst for public park use. In 2004, the structure opened as a senior housing facility.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>Villa Maria Motherhouse Complex, or Felician Sisters Immaculate Heart of Mary Convent Chapel and Convent, is a historic Roman Catholic convent located at Cheektowaga in Erie County, New York. It is included in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Buffalo. It was constructed in 1927, and is a three-part Gothic Revival building that was built for the Felician Sisters of St. Francis to house a boarding and day high school, public and private chapels and the Motherhouse/Novitiate. The school, known as Villa Maria Academy, closed in 2006. The school property was repurposed as affordable housing for seniors.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<h2>Alumni</h2><br>
<p>Christine Baranski, American stage and screen actress</p><br>
<p>The Volcano Block Building is a historic structure in Hilo, Hawaii built in 1914.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Completed in 1914, this two story commercial building of reinforced concrete in the Italian Renaissance style is representative of the major structures built in Hilo between 1910 and 1915 as the city grew to be the second largest commercial center in the Hawaiian Islands.</p><br>
<p>Measuring approximately 60 feet by 90 feet and fronting on Waianuenue Avenue, the structure occupies the site of the former Volcano Stables. Three retail spaces on the ground floor each have separate store fronts. The entry stair to the second floor office spaces is located between the first and second retail spaces at the East side. Three separate full basements are located below these spaces. It was the first building built in Hilo to house multiple businesses in the same structure, and the first not constructed for its owner&#39;s occupancy.</p><br>
<p>A vault on the ground floor was probably constructed by the first tenant in the space,</p><br>
<p>the Peoples Bank of Hilo when they opened on September 1, 1916. Another notable tenant was the C. Brewer & Co., which had purchased the Pepeekeo Sugar Company in 1904.</p><br>
<p>The Hilo Masonic Hall was another of the few fireproof buildings built just a few years earlier and a block away, in 1910.</p><br>
<p>The only earlier commercial building that survives in Hilo is the S. Hata Building, built in 1912 by the brother of a board member of the Peoples Bank. The Hilo Federal Building was also built in this part of Hilo in 1915.</p><br>
<p>In 1922 the first bank disaster in Hawaii caused the Peoples Bank to shut down. The "big five" corporations controlled by descendants of early American missionaries, might have been a factor in its demise. Although known for the sugar industry, major banks were also controlled by the same families. These include the Bishop Bank which opened in Hilo in 1910 (now First Hawaiian Bank), and First Bank of Hilo which opened in 1906 (now part of Bank of Hawaii).</p><br>
<p>In 1929 the building was purchased by C. Brewer for their subsidiary Hilo Terminal and</p><br>
<p>Transportation Company there until 1953 when they moved to the Hilo Pier and the parent company moved its Hilo corporate offices into the building. During this period the Hilo Chamber of Commerce used the second floor of the building. In 1961, upon completion of the C. Brewer Building in Honolulu as corporate offices, C. Brewer sold the building to Irving Melnick, a clothing manufacturer, who owned the structure until his death, when it passed to the living Melnick Trust. Coyne Mattress Company purchased the property</p><br>
<p>in 1992, the owners as of 2009.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed as state historic site 10-35-7507 on September 28, 1992, and added to the National Register of Historic Places listings on the island of Hawaii on January 7, 1993 as site 92001748.</p><br>
<p>Hamer Hall is a historic home located near Hamer, Dillon County, South Carolina. It was built about 1890, and is a two-story, brick dwelling in the Late Victorian style. The house contains 14 rooms and has three large porches. It has a corner turret and the roof is a combination of hipped and gable modes. The front facade features a one-story piazza with very elaborate ornamentation fashioned with chisel, gouge and lathe. Also on the property are three barns, a windmill, and a water tank.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>Garret Club is a historic woman&#39;s clubhouse located at Buffalo in Erie County, New York. It was designed by noted Buffalo architect Edward Brodhead Green and constructed in 1929. It is a two-story, L-shaped building constructed of hollow tile with a stucco finish. It has a slate tile roof and is reflective of French vernacular architecture.</p><br>
<p>Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007. It is located in the Elmwood Historic District–East.</p><br>
<p>The club was founded in March 1902. Katharine Cornell joined in 1913 and was an active member, participating in theatrical productions.</p><br>
<p>Saturn Club is a private social club, founded in 1885, in Buffalo in Erie County, New York that currently operates out of an National Register of Historic Places-listed building at 977 Delaware Ave. in Buffalo, New York.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1885, The Saturn Club was founded by thirteen young men who wanted to congregate in a less formal setting than their father&#39;s traditional clubs.</p><br>
<p>Faculty</p><br>
<p>Dean</p><br>
<p>Registrar</p><br>
<p>Bursar</p><br>
<p>Initially, the members met in a house owned by Sprague&#39;s grandfather but by 1886, the members decided to rent three rooms at the rear of a dwelling at 640 Main Street. In 1887, they moved to another rented house, a small Second Empire style home at 331 Delaware Avenue, before relocating to a larger, Italianate cottage at 393 Delaware Avenue, opposite the Buffalo Club.</p><br>
<p>In 1889, the club and its 150 members formally incorporated in Erie County and decided to construct their own building. By February, the directors had purchased a lot, 417 Delaware Avenue, at the southeast corner of Delaware Avenue and Edward Streets, not far from the Buffalo Club. On this site, they constructed a three-story brick building, designed by Herbert C Burdett of the Buffalo firm of Marling & Burdett. The building was dedicated on December 13, 1890.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in the 1890s, the club added baseball games, lectures, costume balls, and vaudeville shows to the club&#39;s programming. A library was initiated and debates were held on the important issues of the time. These debates often included participation with other area clubs, including the Buffalo Club, the University Club, and the Garret Club.</p><br>
<p>In 1900, then Gov. Theodore Roosevelt visited and had dinner at the club during his visit to Buffalo.</p><br>
<p>In 1985, women were officially admitted as full members, however, in the immediate years preceding the change, women had full use of the club, through a relationship with the Garret Club, as well as through their spouses or other connections.</p><br>
<h3>1922 building</h3><br>
<p>In December 1920, only 30 years after the original buildings dedication, a new building committee suggested selling the existing clubhouse and erecting a new building elsewhere. Club member Duane Lyman, of Bley & Lyman, was asked to develop new plans for a clubhouse along with Ralph Plumb, a club member. The club purchased property at 977 Delaware Avenue and approved Lyman&#39;s plans for the present day Tudor style building, by February 1921.</p><br>
<p>On October 21, 1921, the cornerstone of the new building was laid and exactly one year later, on October 21, 1922, the clubhouse was dedicated. The Tudor Revival structure featured an enclosed open courtyard.</p><br>
<p>Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>and By completion, the project ended up totaling.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<h3>Renovations</h3><br>
<p>In 2002, the club underwent a $1 million renovation that added two squash courts as well as general upgrades to its athletic facilities. The Saturn Club already had one international regulation doubles court and two singles courts. The new courts allow the club to host competitions. The other renovation work includes improvements to both the mens and womens locker rooms and the addition of exercise equipment. Hamilton Houston Lownie Architects, PC designed the additions and Integrated Realty & Development Corp. served as construction manager.</p><br>
<p>In 2014, the interior was remodeled by Michael Donnelly Interiors and focused on two rooms: The Delaware Room and The Red Room. The Red Room features a fireplace and is accented by dark wood paneling along with a rich red covering. Panel draperies with 12-inch-wide, red fabric bands were added to frame the leaded windows. New furniture, chandelier covers and brown paisley carpeting with a red background were also added. The Delaware Room has a more clean look showcasing the oversized historic wall panels that depict seaside life. The fabrics are striped with blues and beiges that are intended to complement the murals.</p><br>
<h2>Prohibition</h2><br>
<p>On August 29, 1923, Federal agents under William J. Donovan, who himself was a member of the club, raided both the Saturn Club and the Country Club of Buffalo. Agents found at least sixty quarts of whisky, a similar amount of gin, five gallons of moonshine, bottles of champagne, vermouth, and other liquors inside the organizations lockers, according to court documents. The chair of the clubs house committee told reporters the night of the raid that the liquor “evidently was smuggled in by bootlegging employees of the club.”</p><br>
<p>A listing of those charged with dry law violations was published in the newspaper After the names were published, the members and the club had little option but to agree to a settlement and do away with the sliding doors.</p><br>
<h2>Notable members</h2><br>
<p>Notable former members of Saturn Club include:</p><br>
<p>Robert B. Adam, founder of AM&A&#39;s department store</p><br>
<p>John J. Albright, industrialist, philanthropist, and namesake of the Albright Knox Art Gallery</p><br>
<p>Owen Augspurger, civic leader</p><br>
<p>George K. Birge, owner of M. H. Birge & Sons Co., director of the 1901 Pan-American Exposition, and president of Pierce-Arrow Motor Car Company</p><br>
<p>Lawrence Bell, aerospace entrepreneur, founder of Bell Aircraft</p><br>
<p>Edward H. Butler, Jr., publisher of the Buffalo Evening News</p><br>
<p>Stephen Merrell Clement, president of Marine Bank</p><br>
<p>William J. Conners II, publisher of the Buffalo Courier-Express</p><br>
<p>William J. Conners III, publisher of the Buffalo Courier-Express</p><br>
<p>William J. Donovan, soldier, lawyer, intelligence officer and diplomat</p><br>
<p>Robert Donner, Donner Steel Company</p><br>
<p>John T. Elfvin, federal judge</p><br>
<p>Harold M. Esty, Jr., president of Buffalo China</p><br>
<p>E.B. Green, Jr., architect</p><br>
<p>George A. Forman ■</p><br>
<p>Burt P. Flickinger, Jr., entrepreneur, philanthropist, organizer of the 1993 World University Games</p><br>
<p>William A. Gardner ■</p><br>
<p>Bradley J. Gaylord ■</p><br>
<p>Anson Goodyear, founder and first president of the Museum of Modern Art, president of Great Southern Lumber, director of Paramount Pictures</p><br>
<p>Charles W. Goodyear, founder and head of numerous rail lines</p><br>
<p>George F. Goodyear, board president of the Buffalo Museum of Science, founder of WGRZ-TV, Saturn Club historian</p><br>
<p>William B. Hoyt, politician</p><br>
<p>Thomas B. Lockwood, candidate for Lt. Governor in 1914</p><br>
<p>Duane Lyman, architect ■</p><br>
<p>Edward A Kent, owner of Flint & Kent</p><br>
<p>Irvine J. Kittinger, Jr., proprietor of the Kittinger Company</p><br>
<p>Northrup R. Knox, co-founder of the Buffalo Sabres</p><br>
<p>Seymour H. Knox, businessman ■</p><br>
<p>Seymour H. Knox III, co-founder of the Buffalo Sabres</p><br>
<p>Dr. Baldwin Mann ■</p><br>
<p>Edward McGinley III, Wharton graduate</p><br>
<p>John R. Oishei, founder of Trico</p><br>
<p>John Olmsted, landscape architect, nephew and adopted son of Frederick Law Olmsted</p><br>
<p>Roswell Park, founder of Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center</p><br>
<p>Ralph Plumb ■</p><br>
<p>Theodore M. Pomeroy ■</p><br>
<p>Peter A. Porter, Jr. ■</p><br>
<p>Ansley Wilcox Sawyer, industrialist ■</p><br>
<p>George F. Rand, president of Marine Midland Bank</p><br>
<p>Ira G. Ross, scientist, engineer, leader of Calspan</p><br>
<p>Dexter P. Rumsey, tannery owner, real estate entrepreneur</p><br>
<p>William G. Schoellkopf ■</p><br>
<p>Ralph H. Sidway ■</p><br>
<p>Frank St. John Sidway, lawyer and National Guard leader and candidate for Lt. Governor in 1914</p><br>
<p>John E. Selkirk ■</p><br>
<p>Clarence Sidway ■</p><br>
<p>Carlton Sprague, lawyer, politician, and chancellor of the University of Buffalo</p><br>
<p>Harlan J. Swift, president of Erie County Savings Bank</p><br>
<p>George P. Urban, miller, entrepreneur and director of numerous Buffalo corporations</p><br>
<p>Henry Z. Urban, publisher of the Buffalo News</p><br>
<p>James D. Warren, publisher of the Buffalo Commercial Advertiser</p><br>
<p>Shelton Weed ■</p><br>
<p>Ansley Wilcox, scholar, Oxford graduate, lawyer, and civil service reform commissioner</p><br>
<p>Harry D. Williams ■</p><br>
<p>Seymour White ■</p><br>
<p>■ Indicates that the individual was named in the newspaper during the 1923 raid</p><br>
<p>Hunts Corners  is an unincorporated community in southeastern Lyme Township, Huron County, Ohio, United States. It lies at the intersection of State Route 547 and Sand Hill Road, southeast of Bellevue and southwest of the city of Norwalk, the county seat of Huron County. Its elevation is 768 feet , and it is located at {{coord|41|13|39|N|82|45|27|W|type:city}}.</p><br>
<p>Hunts Corners is among Huron County&#39;s oldest communities. Founded by Levi Sutton, a Virginian, the community was established as the "Sutton Settlement" in 1811, six years before the first settlers arrived in Norwalk. While it was one of several small communities formed in Lyme Township during the early years of settlement, the area long languished: many of the earliest landowners were speculators who refused to sell land to would-be settlers, many of the remaining tracts were long embroiled in probate lawsuits, and the lower sale price of federally owned lands farther west retarded interest in the acreage of this township, given its location on the western edge of the Firelands. Although the township&#39;s first sawmill was built on Levi Sutton&#39;s property, later industry was concentrated in other parts of the township.</p><br>
<p>In 1993, Hunts Corners was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a historic district, primarily because of its role in the exploration and settlement of the region. It is one of three districts on the National Register in Huron County, along with West Main Street in Norwalk and the county courthouse complex.</p><br>
<p>Hardy Memorial Tower is a bell tower at San Diego State University . Constructed as a Works Progress Administration project in 1931, it is 11 stories  tall; it contains the Fletcher Symphonic Carillon  , consisting of 204 bells over 6 octaves. Hardy Memorial Tower is part of the original core of the SDSU campus on Montezuma Mesa, and was the university&#39;s original library.</p><br>
<h2>Namesake</h2><br>
<h3>Tower</h3><br>
<p>Hardy Memorial Tower is named for Dr. Edward Hardy (1868–1958), who served as President of the State Normal School, SDSUs predecessor institution, from 1910 to 1935. During his tenure the college was relocated to Montezuma Mesa, and its name was changed to San Diego State College. Hardy also served on both the State and City Boards of Education, and in 1936, after his retirement, was appointed executive director of the San Diego Museum (now the Museum of Us). Also named for Dr. Hardy are Hardy Avenue, just south of the present SDSU campus and Hardy Elementary School (located next to the SDSU campus). In 1976, by permission of the statewide Board of Trustees and in gratitude for his contributions to the university, it was named Hardy Memorial Tower. Dr. Hardys profile graces a bronze plaque designed by San Diego sculptor Donal Hord.</p><br>
<h3>Chimes/Bells</h3><br>
<p>The Fletcher Symphonic Carillon was presented as a gift to SDSU by Senator and Mrs. Ed Fletcher in 1946 to commemorate the fiftieth (50th) anniversary of the university and to serve as a memorial to students lost in war.</p><br>
<h2>Notability</h2><br>
<p>Hardy Memorial Tower is recognized as an important symbol of San Diego State University to the greater San Diego community.</p><br>
<p>In 2004, two historic murals (previously thought to be lost) were uncovered in Hardy Memorial Tower.</p><br>
<p>NRA Packages, a mural painted in 1936 by Genevieve Burgeson Bredo, and for many years thought lost, has been restored and is now on display inside Malcolm A. Love Library. The mural was discovered in 2004 behind ceiling tiles inside SDSUs Hardy Memorial Tower, which was part of the universitys first library. Painted in a variety of media, it portrays three men unloading National Recovery Act (NRA) packages from a van near San Diego&#39;s Hillcrest neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>A second, larger mural, George Sorensons San Diego Industry&#39;, remains in Hardy Memorial Tower. This mural depicts the successive stages of tuna fishing and canning, along with the multi-ethnic work force involved in that industry. The library hopes to remove, restore and relocate this mural.</p><br>
<p>See and.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The tower stands in the northwest corner of Hepner Hall Quad. In addition to classrooms and lecture halls, the Hepner Hall Quad houses the offices of the College of Health and Human Services.</p><br>
<p>The Noah "Bud" Ogle Place was a homestead located in the Great Smoky Mountains of Sevier County, in the USA state of Tennessee. The homestead presently consists of a cabin, barn, and tub mill built by mountain farmer Noah "Bud" Ogle  in the late 19th century. In 1977, the homestead was added to the National Register of Historic Places and is currently maintained by the Great Smoky Mountains National Park.</p><br>
<p>The surviving structures at the Noah Ogle Place are characteristic of a typical 19th-century Southern Appalachian mountain farm. Ogles cabin is a type known as a "saddlebag" cabin (two single-pen cabins joined by a common chimney), which was a relatively rare design in the region. Ogles barn is an excellent example of a four-pen barn, a design once common in the area, although this barn is the last remaining four-pen barn in the park. Ogles tub mill is the parks last surviving operational tub mill and one of the few operational tub mills in the region. A later owner of the Ogle farm renamed the farm "Junglebrook," and the farm is thus sometimes referred to as the "Junglebrook Historic District."</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Noah Ogle Place is situated near LeConte Creek (formerly known as Mill Creek) in the upper drainage of the West Fork of the Little Pigeon River. Gatlinburg lies opposite the park boundary to the north, Roaring Fork lies opposite the hills to the east, the Sugarlands lies opposite the hills to the west, and Mount Le Conte rises to the south. Cherokee Orchard Road (still occasionally referred to as Airport Road) connects the Noah Ogle Place to USA Route 441 in downtown Gatlinburg to the north and to the Roaring Fork Motor Nature Trail to the south. The site&#39;s tub mill is situated on the banks of LeConte Creek, approximately 0.5 mi from the cabin and barn.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Noah Ogles great-grandparents, William Ogle (1756&ndash;1803) and his wife Martha Huskey (1756&ndash;1826), were the first Euro-American settlers in the Gatlinburg area, arriving in the early 19th century (their cabin still stands on the Arrowmont School campus in downtown Gatlinburg). The Ogles descendants quickly spread out into the adjacent river and creek valleys. Noah Ogle&#39;s farm originally consisted of 400 acre, although by the early 20th century he had subdivided his land among his children, and retained only 150 acre. These last 150 acre comprise the bulk of the Bud Ogle Farm historic district.</p><br>
<p>Ogles cabin and outbuildings were built in the late 1880s and early 1890s. The land was poor and rocky (the National Park Service later claimed it was "unsuitable" for farming), and Ogle mostly grew corn. The land did include a sizeable apple orchard which grew multiple types of apples. Ogles relatives were allowed free use of his tub mill, while others were charged a small percentage of meal.</p><br>
<p>Along with the surviving structures and typical mountain farm outbuildings, Ogles farm included a so-called "weaner cabin." A weaner cabin was typically a small cabin near the main house where the farmers children could live for a brief period after marrying. Several of Ogle&#39;s sons lived in the Ogle weaner cabin after their respective marriages. The weaner cabin is no longer standing, although a pile of rubble remains from its foundation.</p><br>
<p>In the 1920s, several investors established a 796 acre commercial apple orchard and ornamental nursery known as "Cherokee Orchard" just south of the Ogle homestead. When the Tennessee Park Commission began buying up property for the creation of the national park in the late 1920s, the owners of Cherokee Orchard threatened to fight a major appropriations for bill for the parks funding if their land was condemned. The orchards owners dropped their opposition in 1931 in exchange for a long lease on the property.</p><br>
<h2>Historic structures</h2><br>
<h3>Noah Ogle cabin</h3><br>
<p>The Noah Ogle cabin consists of two cabins sharing a single chimney, known as a "saddlebag" cabin. The cabins were built approximately five years apart, the second cabin being added as Ogles family grew. Both cabins measure 18 ft by 20 ft, and each consists of one story and a loft. The cabins walls consist of hewn logs connected by half-dovetail notches, with six doors (one on the front and back wall of each cabin, and two next to the chimney to allow quick passage between the two buildings). Each cabin has a split-oak shingled roof, a sawn board floor, and hearths made of rubble. The cabin&#39;s windows were initially shuttered, but eventually replaced with glass. One cabin has a small window near the floor that allowed chickens to enter to escape predators. A covered porch spans both the front and back walls of both cabins.</p><br>
<h3>Ogle barn</h3><br>
<p>The Ogle barn is the last remaining four-pen barn in the park. It consists of four 11 ft2 pens, each one story with a loft, covered by a split-shingled roof. Like the cabin, the barn&#39;s walls are constructed of hewn logs connected by half-dovetail notches. The park service made numerous repairs to the barn in the 1960s.</p><br>
<h3>Tub mill</h3><br>
<p>Ogle&#39;s tub mill is the last of at least 13 tub mills once located along LeConte Creek. The millhouse is an 11 ft by 11 ft building resting on mudsills and round log supports above LeConte Creek, about a half-mile from Ogle cabin and barn. The walls consist of logs connected with saddle notches, and the floor consists of hewn puncheon logs. A vertical shaft beneath the millhouse connects the grindstones with a "tub wheel" turbine. An 80 ft hollowed-log flume diverts water from the creek to the turbine. The mill was restored to its operational condition in the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>Concordia Cemetery is a historic cemetery in Buffalo in Erie County, New York. It consists of a 15 acre rectangular plot and was founded in 1859 by three German congregations: First Trinity Lutheran Church, St. Peters Evangelical Church, and St. Stephens Evangelical Church. It has an important association with the immigrant German community in Buffalo during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The cemetery includes approximately 21,000 plots.</p><br>
<p>John McHugh (1844–1910), Indian Campaigns Medal of Honor recipient is buried in Condordia.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<p>Garrison Cemetery, also known as the War of 1812 Cemetery, is a historic cemetery located at Cheektowaga in Erie County, New York. It is the final resting place for American and British soldiers who fought in the Niagara Frontier Campaign of the War of 1812. The cemetery is located on the site of the General Military Hospital, established August 1, 1814, at Williams Mill.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>First Church of Evans Complex is a historic Presbyterian church complex located at Derby in Erie County, New York. The 5.5 acre property includes the church, cemeteries, farmhouse , and historic Ingersoll barn with later additions that serves as a community clubhouse. The church is an eclectic Colonial Revival style structure designed by Buffalo architects Mann and Cook and constructed in 1915. The original cemetery includes graves that predate the congregation&#39;s founding in 1818.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<p>The James W. Hamer House is a historic home located near Little Rock, Dillon County, South Carolina. It was built in 1910–1911, and is a large two-story, three-bay, brick-veneered Neo-Classical Revival style residence. It has four symmetrically placed exterior end brick chimneys. The front facade features an Ionic order pedimented portico supported by two sets of paired brick columns. Also located on the property are several agricultural outbuildings and a mature pecan orchard that was likely planted by about 1920. It was the home of James Willis Hamer, farmer, state representative, and state senator of Dillon County during its first half-century.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<p>Johnson-Jolls Complex, also known as the Dr. Willard B. Jolls House, is a historic home located at Orchard Park in Erie County, New York. It is an Italianate style brick house built in 1869. The house was built originally for merchant Ambrose Johnson; in 1902 it was purchased by Dr. Willard B. Jolls who resided there until his death in 1963.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>Fosdick-Masten Park High School, now known as City Honors School, is a historic public high school building located at Buffalo in Erie County, New York. The school is located on a 5.2 acre site. It was designed by architects Esenwein & Johnson and is a -story H-shaped brick structure constructed in 1912–1914 and sheathed in white glazed terra cotta tile.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Notable alumni</h2><br>
<p>Frankie Pytlak, former Major League Baseball catcher</p><br>
<p>John Wyatt, former Major League Baseball pitcher</p><br>
<p>Lucille Clifton, African American writer and poet</p><br>
<h2>In Popular Culture</h2><br>
<p>A cartoon sketch of (then) Masten Park High School appears on the 1938 Goudey baseball card #269 of alumnus Frankie Pytlak.</p><br>
<p>The Swaggerty Blockhouse is a historic structure near Parrottsville, in the USA state of Tennessee. The structure was originally believed to have been a frontier blockhouse built by early settler James Swaggerty in 1787. Recent archaeological evidence suggests, however, that the structure was actually a cantilever barn built by a farmer named Jacob Stephens around 1860.</p><br>
<p>In the late 18th-century, blockhouses dotted East Tennessee and the Trans-Appalachian frontier, as attacks from hostile Cherokee and other Native Americans were a constant threat. While the Swaggerty Blockhouse bears some resemblance to historical blockhouse descriptions, it lacks common blockhouse characteristics such as gun portals. The Swaggerty Blockhouses degree of cantilever (i.e., the degree to which the upper story extends outward beyond the lower story) is also greater than typical frontier blockhouses. Analysis of the tree rings in the Swaggerty Blockhouses logs indicated a cutting date of 1860, well after the region&#39;s frontier period.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Swaggerty Blockhouse is located just east of Parrottsville along a stretch of USA Route 321/USA Route 411 known as Newport Highway. Clear Creek, a tributary of the French Broad River, passes a few yards west of the blockhouse. The creek slices a narrow, but fertile valley amidst the foothills of the Bald Mountains, which rise a few miles to the southeast. The farm on which the blockhouse stands is currently owned by the Gillespie family.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The Swaggerty Blockhouse consists of three stories, with the first story being the smallest and the top story being the largest. The first story consists of a stone-and-mortar springhouse built around a natural spring which empties into Clear Creek a few yards away. A wellhouse adjacent to the first story was built in the middle 20th-century. The second level consists of hewn oak timbers notched with half-dovetail joints. While the hewing of the second story logs is relatively crude, its notching is very precise, giving it the strength to support the larger third story. Pegs and shelving on the second story indicate that it was once used for storage.</p><br>
<p>The third level consists of a poplar timber frame notched with mortise and tenon. The walls have pane windows facing three directions. Wainscoting along the lower walls and the presence of a front-facing door indicate that this level was once used as a granary. A wooden staircase allows access to the third story. The third-story frame was later extended downward across the front of the second story.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Frederick Swaggerty, a German immigrant, arrived in the Clear Creek area from Pennsylvania sometime around 1783. According to local sources, Swaggerty&#39;s son James built the Swaggerty Blockhouse in 1787, presumably to protect his family from hostile Cherokee attacks. If true, this would make the Swaggerty Blockhouse the only surviving blockhouse at its original site in the state of Tennessee.</p><br>
<p>In 1824, ownership of the Swaggerty property was passed to James Swaggerty who in turn sold it to Jacob Stephens in 1850. Over subsequent decades, Stephens established a fairly sizeable farm. At one point, Stephens owned 75 hogs and his farm was valued at $4,500. One-third of the farm&#39;s production consisted of pork products or corn. The Stephens family retained ownership of the farm until 1921, when it was sold to the Gillespie family. The Gillespies have since preserved the blockhouse. In 1973, the blockhouse was placed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological investigation</h2><br>
<p>In 2001, David Mann of the University of Tennessee conducted both a dendrochronological and standard archaeological study of the Swaggerty Blockhouse and adjacent grounds to determine the structures age. The dendrochronological investigation, which essentially analyzed the tree rings of a structures logs, determined that the Swaggerty Blockhouse&#39;s logs were cut sometime around 1860, and thus could not have been used in a late 18th-century blockhouse. Excavations around the blockhouse turned up cut nails and glass and ceramic artifacts, most all of which dated to the period between 1852 and 1864. Swine bones and ashes discovered on the north side of the blockhouse indicate that this area may have once been used for butchering hogs. Excavations also uncovered the remnants of a wagon road once leading to the door of the blockhouse.</p><br>
<h3>Blockhouse vs. cantilever barn</h3><br>
<p>Mann concluded that the Swaggerty Blockhouse was likely a cantilever barn built around 1860 by Jacob Stephens, rather than a frontier blockhouse built by James Swaggerty in 1787. The Swaggerty Blockhouse lacks certain characteristics typical of a frontier blockhouse, such as gun portals and a short degree of cantilever (2 feet or less). The mortise-and-tenon notching and frame design of the third story are more indicative of a 19th-century cantilever barn.</p><br>
<p>The cutting date of the structure&#39;s logs (ca. 1860) and the artifacts assembled from excavations on adjacent grounds provide the most compelling evidence for the later construction date. Most of the artifacts dated to the middle 19th-century, while there was an absence of artifacts (such as creamware and hand-wrought nails) typically found at 18th-century frontier sites. Mann surmises that the first story was likely a springhouse used for the storage of perishable foods (rather than a protected water supply), the second story used for storage of tools, and the third used for grain storage. Jacob Stephens, who was an active hog farmer, likely used the north side of the structure as a butchering area.</p><br>
<p>Spaulding-Sidway Boathouse is a historic boathouse located on Grand Island in Erie County, New York. The boathouse was built as part of the "River Lawn" estate of Elbridge G. Spaulding .</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Spaulding-Sidway Boathouse is a Late Victorian Stick / Queen Anne style frame structure constructed in 1870. The boathouse is a two-story frame structure, clad in clapboard, on concrete piers.</p><br>
<p>Between 1935 and 1940, to save the boathouse from demolition when the Spaulding estate was acquired in order to become Beaver Island State Park, neighboring property owner Frank St. John Sidway, a grandson of Spaulding, moved it about 270 feet northwest to his land. In about 1990, steel framing was added to shore up the original wood framework.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The building is a rare surviving example of a small boathouse used primarily for storage and social activities and is reflective of Grand Island&#39;s importance as a seasonal recreational area in the 1800s. The boathouse has been continuously used for light boat storage and social activities since it was built, and although many boathouses on Grand Island have fallen victim to weather, it stands today virtually as built and is now a part of a private residence. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>J. Eshelman and Company Store, also known as The Square Deal Store, is a historic general store located at Clarence Center in Erie County, New York. It is a three-story, brick and cast iron commercial building constructed in the Italianate style in 1872. It exemplifies the type of brick and cast iron commercial building common to the region from the 1850s to the 1880s.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Scoby Power Plant and Dam is a historic dam and now defunct power plant located between the towns of Ashford and Concord, near Springville, New York. The complex is located on the eastern bank of Cattaraugus Creek outside Springville. It is representative of a small hydroelectric generating facility of the early 20th century in Western New York. The complex was constructed in 1925, replacing a facility near this site.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Scoby Dam Park</h2><br>
<p>The Erie County Department of Parks, Recreation and Forestry acquired the dam and surrounding property shortly after the Village of Springville ceased using the dam for power generation in 1998. The park is managed as a "conservation park" with minimal improvements and facilities.</p><br>
<p>The park is popular with anglers seeking steelhead during the fall, winter and spring, and also includes space for picnicking and hiking.</p><br>
<h2>Proposed dam lowering</h2><br>
<p>Concerns over the dams structural integrity and the desire to remove a barrier to stream-running steelhead has led to a proposal to lower the currently-38 ft Scoby Dam by about 30 ft. The $6.6 million (USD) proposal was put forth by the USA Army Corps of Engineers in 2014, and if approved the work could happen within three years of the proposals passage.</p><br>
<p>In addition to lowering the dam, a 15 ft fish ladder would also be installed to allow migratory fish to access an additional 44 mi of Cattaraugus Creek and its tributaries above the dam. By allowing steelhead access beyond the dam, anglers would be able to seek these fish by utilizing an additional 34 mi of public stream access. Currently, only 4 mi of the stream below the dam is publicly accessible for fishing.</p><br>
<p>Appropriate habitats for steelhead spawning exist above the dam, and its removal could allow for steelhead populations to become more self-sustaining. Currently, the steelhead fishery is maintained primarily through annual stocking of fish,</p><br>
<p>Critics of the project have raised concerns about impacts on resident brown and rainbow trout populations above the dam, and the possibility of introducing invasive species such as the sea lamprey into stretches of the creek currently free of such organisms. The USACE proposal includes barriers that are intended to restrict the movement of sea lamprey beyond the dam. As of 2024 no progress has been made in the dam remains fully intact.</p><br>
<p>The Ainsworth House, also known as the Greet Ranch, was built in 1886 by homesteader Frank S. Ainsworth and his wife in Big Trails, Wyoming, in the Nowood Valley of Washakie County. The Ainsworths built the frame house after living in a tent and a log dugout. The house was one of the first permanent habitations to be built in the Bighorn Basin.</p><br>
<p>The 1886 section of the house is a 1½ story framed and clapboarded building, to which was appended a 1½ story log house built in 1890 and expanded upward in 1911.</p><br>
<p>Ainsworth was born in Iowa in 1857. He went west to Denver, then hunted and trapped in northwestern Colorado. By 1879 he was trapping in the Bighorn Basin. In 1885 he returned to Iowa to marry Lucy Ann Albee and brought her back to the Bighorn Basin where they built their house. They subsisted by cultivating the native hay of the region, which allowed them to grow sufficient fodder to withstand the severe winters. Ainsworth also worked as a carpenter in the area.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
